CNS Fatigue
by DuXx
It is little „phylosophical“ and I hope I will not be banned or declared mad!
On my own opinion, to understand fatigue mechanism and phenomena, one should first understand the teleology (purpose) of the same. But, before we dig into the teleology of fatigue, lets first define CNS.
CNS stands for Central Nervous System. Anatomically CNS represent brain, medulla oblongata & medulla spinalis. CNS has a lot of functions, and some of them are to coordinate and control musculoskeletal system, provide perception of outter/inner-world, emotional function, learning, intelectual processes etc. Someone actually says that human Soul is in the brain itself, altought I don’t believe in that. On my opinion (which is very related to Descartes Dualism) Consciousness and Free Will are something that is not material — it is spiritual — and are not the result of complex neural functions and activity. Counsciousness and Free will are the exclussive characteristics of human Soul. Note that the perception of the outter world depends on your deep beliefs (paradigm). Change your paradigm, and the whole world will change!
ANS stands for Autonomic Nervous System. ANS is little harder to anatomically locate, because various organs have their own centres, and various ANS centres are outside of CNS. ANS have also various number of functions, but one of them is to coordinate and control the function of human organs. During this discussion, I will reffer to both ANS and CNS as C/ANS because their interconnection and interrelation.
For the purposes of this discussion, C/ANS should be looked as the Integrator of the other systems of the body.
As every system has a purpose, human body (mind/body) has also the purpose of its existance ---- (1) to provide a living frame for the „owner“ ---- (2) to provide actions/interractions with outher world (perception/action)
For body to maintain a life of the „owner“ it must also maintain its Integrity. Note that the Integrity is very hard defined, but it can be viewed as narrow state-space, called homoeostais. The exmple of homoeostasis variables are blood sugar level, temperature, hydration etc. They must be kept in narrow ranges to keep body alive.
The body provides actions to outter world by activating musculoskeletal system (walk, speak, move…). Note that as the action is provided, that same action tend to disturb Integrity. For example, when you run/walk you tend to spend energy in your muscles. As you continue to do that, finally your cardiovascular system starts to bring oxygen and nutrients to the active muscles to keep the Integrity. Basically, all other systems are there to support Actions of musculoskeletal system.
As the activity continues (by increasing) its intensity, C/ANS activates more and more the muscluloskeletal system, but also activates other system to keep the body’s Integrity. As already stated, the purpose is to provide Integrity and Interaction. But the integrity is the priority number one, because if the body dies — there would be no Interraction.
So, as the „owner“ provides a decision for activity, C/ANS first decides will it disturb Integrity to allow Activity. As the activity starts, supporting systems are activated. If the support systems are unable to keep the Integrity — then the Action is altered.
For example, progressive running test. You start to run slow, your musculoskeletal system provide Action — Power Output and thus performance or speed. In the same time other supportive systems are activated — cardiovascular, thermoregulatory and respiratory — to keep Integrity of the body. As the intensity of the run increases, C/ANS increase both Activity (Power Output of musculoskeletal system) and Integrity (supporting systems). In the same time C/ANS gets the information from inner-world and tranfer it to Counsciousness as RPE. After reaching a certrain speed, your supportive systems are not able to support Integrity, and to maintain it C/ANS decreases Power Output — Action of the muscluloskeletal system. Integrity may be threated from various sources — for example, to „work“, your supportive systems also needs energy, your heart and respiratory muscles need oxygen. If their functioning is threated, which can eventually lead to death — the activity is stopped. So, the „limiting factors“ may be the heart, may be the muscle, may be anything that present the biggest threat for the Integrity — but the one is sure — the „thing“ that stops activity is none of them — it is C/ANS — the ULTIMATE LIMITING FACTOR! So, training to increase Pumping volume of the heart, muscle oxydative capacity to improve performance may be misleading!
Acording to this, the purpose of fatigue is to PROTECT the Integrity of the body! Fatigue starts at the onset of exercise.
Fatigue is actually protective mechanism that protects the body’s Integrity form it’s Action.
Someone may point to the Hunter/Hunted situation, when extremly performances — Power Output (Action) are done when you are chased by wild animal, or when your kid is stucked under the car. As stated before, Integrity is complex. If you are eaten, you will lose your Integrity. If you loose your child, you will lose your Integrity (familly). Representation of integrity may be both physical and psychical.
Fatigue can be unvisible (same level of performance — Action — but increase in Will Power to C/ANS to push the supportive mechanism and action mechanisms) and visible (level decrement due protection).
C/ANS fatigue is scientifically defined as the failure of muscle recruitment. It is basically measured by comparing forces during MVC and EMS (twitch superimposition test). In C/ANS fatigue, muscles are able to provide force—action, but C/ANS is not willing to recruit them.
On my opinion there are two „types“ of C/ANS fatigue:
[u]LO C/ANS Fatigue[/u]
LO C/ANSF happend during prolonged submax actions. When you run a marathon, and your glycogen levels (or any other homoeostasis variable) tend to drop too seriously, C/ANS will decrease Action — Power Output — Speed by decreasing muscle actiovation, which can be viewed with reduced EMG levels.
Note that this don’t happens at once. As you start the activity, glyco levels start to decline (temp start to raise etc), and you are de-stimulated by the perception of RPE to stop the activity. If your will power is strong, you will push C/ANS to increase both (or to keep same level of) Activity and Integration. When your Integrity is really at threat RPE perceprion will become very large, and you C/ANS will totally decrease or even stop futhe muscle activation. Note, that peripheral fatigue may or may not be present. Peripheral fatigue is impairment of musculoskeletal system to generate power at the same recruitment of C/ANS. This may be the „local“ control mechanism.
[u]HI C/ANS Fatigue[/u]
HI C/ANS Fatigue happens during repating maximal activities like 1RM lift, sprints etc. Note that maximal performance is already limited by anticipated Integrity threat by C/ANS — There is allway a reserve which is saved for Hunter/Hunted situations.
I have stated that one of the purposes of C/ANS is to coordinate and integrate all the systems of the body. In maximal activities this integrative/coordinative function is at high-end of its capacity. Power Output is maximal (with a reserve) and thus Integrity functions are at near maximal level — this demands a troumendous Coordinate/Integrate function of the C/ANS.
At the start of HI activity, musculoskeletal system will be potentiated due the need for maximal performance by the actions of hormones and some internal properties of muscle cells (improvement of Ca+ mechanism in Reticulum etc). With this potentiation, Power Output will be higher with the same recruitment. This will improve performance.
As the repeats of HI activities continue, potentiation will eventually decrease and fatigue will increse, reaching critical drop-off point, when the performance will start to decline. Now (and even before) is time to stop the HI activity (training). But what is the mechanism of this kind of fatigue — protective mechanism?
On my opinion, in HI C/ANSF the need for great Integrative/Coordinative function of C/ANS will eventually be „drained“ — thus the C/ANS will eventually shut down all systems to prevent itself from damage (Intgrity of itself). So, on my opinion, HI C/ANS Fatigue is the protective mechanism of the C/ANS, not to protect some peripheral system, but to protect itself from damage.
After the activity ceases, the athlete may be still in potentiated state, but after some time, the fatigue will overpower it and the athlete will sense great „drain“. The shut down of C/ANS (to protect and recover itself) will eventually affect all other systems – thus the wholistic effect of HI C/ANS fatigue.
It is interesting to note the Delayed effect of HI C/ANS Fatigue — in LO C/ANS fatigue, as soon as athlete recover temperature, hydration, glycogen, the simmilar level of performance may be repeated (except Marathon due muscles injuries which demands long time to heal). During Tempo workout athlete may feel „drained“ after it, but after 2-4 hours, the athlete may repeat it with same performance.
This is not the case with HI C/ANS fatigue. After finishing HI workout (sprints, 1RM lifts), the athlete is still potentiated and feels excellent. But hours later, the athlete will sense great fatigue — thus delayed phenomena of HI C/ANS fatigue. This may be due lowering of potentiation, but I think it is rather in shuting down of C/ANS to allow repair/recovery of itself. The C/ANS can be also fatigued/impaire by doing great Coordinative/Integrative function (sometime due great emotions etc), not just other systems. This may be refferef to „CNS pool“, but this is oversimplification. I still don’t know the various versions of C/ANS fatigue if critical point is reached or it is not in preceeding training.
It is pretty easy to undestand the „shut-down“ of the C/ANS to allow itself recovery, but why did it waited to do it so long? Maybe A/CNS expected another HI activity (another chase by the animal) or it allowed other systems to recover firts… I don’t know!
What I would love to know is apparent contradiction in CFTS, that the second HI activity should be performed right after or 4h after the first. But the time frame btw two HI activites is about 48-72h?
Note that begginers, and lower recruitment activities may not induce HI C/ANS fatigue, because of lower level of Coordinative/Integrate function of C/ANS!
If the begginers do 1RM, they will recover fast and induce only LO C/ANS fatigue, because they aren’t able to tax their C/ANS system.
Doing 5-10RM to failure may actually create HI C/ANS fatigue, due great recruitment at the last rep and great tax to the C/ANS (Coordination/Integre function) in high level athletes, but it can also induce LO C/ANS fatigue and peripheral fatigue — This remains to be discussed.
[u]Topic for futher discussion:[/u]
- Why there is delayed phenomena of HI C/ANS Fatigue,
- What is the rationale for doing another HI activity right after the first, 4h later or 48-72h later,
- Can doing submax work to failure cause HI C/ANS fatigue, or only peripheral or LO CANS fatigue
Hope this all makes some sense!
Please note that Integration and Integrative functions are NOT the same. Integration reffers to conceptual phenomena of maintainig homoeostasis, while Integrative is the function of C/ANS to coordinate all the other systems!